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Drug testing typically occurs only in organized, competitive sports. At the college level, organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association60 and individual member institutions conduct standard drug testing programs and enforce penalties for positive tests. Androgens include exogenous testosterone, synthetic androgens (eg, danazol, nandrolone, stanozolol), https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/5-stages-of-alcoholism/ androgen precursors (eg, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone), selective androgen receptor…

Additionally, alcohol has been reported to effect hepatic glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities including a reduction in phosphofructokinase [41]. The resulting alcohol-induced decrease in pyruvate lowers pyruvate carboxylase, the rate limiting gluconeogenic enzyme, thereby contributing to the decrease in hepatic glucose output [38]. Aside from these changes, however, reports are inconsistent and contradictory regarding the…